Overview
Educational academic overview: stones vary by composition (e.g. calcium oxalate, uric acid) and form when urine is supersaturated. Study material only.
Symptoms
- severe pain in the side or back
- pain that comes in waves
- blood in urine
- nausea
Causes
- not drinking enough fluids
- diet and certain minerals in urine
- some medical conditions and medicines
Risk factors
- low fluid intake
- previous kidney stones
- certain diets or conditions
Prevention
- drinking enough fluids as advised
- dietary changes recommended by a clinician
Emergency warning signs
- severe pain with fever and chills
- inability to pass urine
- persistent vomiting
Evaluation & tests
Educational note: clinicians use urine tests and imaging to assess stones. This library does not diagnose.
Treatment education
Educational overview: care depends on stone size and location and is individualized by clinicians. This library does not prescribe.
Self-care
General education: staying well hydrated may help reduce the risk of some stones when advised by a clinician.
When to seek care
Seek care for severe pain, blood in urine, or difficulty passing urine.